Demonstrative pronouns may refer to one particular element (a person or an object, for example), or to whole ideas in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. In the fragment from the second paragraph — In general English materials this is obviously more difficult —, the demonstrative pronoun in bold refers to the difficulty in
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A conforming to general English students’ language learning difficulties or needs.
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B removing the obstacles preventing general English students’ learning.
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C teaching general English with the materials available to us.
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D reassuring learners about the pertinence and utility of what they are learning.
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E preparing language materials and classes around interesting “real-life” tasks.